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February 2024
Home 2024 February
06Feb
Disease

11 Types of Shrimp Diseases that Often Occur During Cultivation

Shrimp disease is one of the factors causing failure that must be overcome during cultivation. What’s more, these diseases can also cause mass mortality which can lead to significant economic losses and decreased production.

Various influencing factors cause disease outbreaks, from pathogens, poor environmental conditions, and pond management to shrimp being carriers of shrimp that have previously been infected with the disease.

So, what types of diseases are often encountered during shrimp cultivation? Check out the following explanation.

Also Read: The Threats of Nitrite in Shrimp Ponds and How to Overcome It

Factors Causing Vannamei Shrimp Disease

1. Pathogen

The most common causes of vannamei shrimp disease are viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Some examples of conditions in shrimp caused by pathogens include White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV), Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), and Vibriosis.

The spread of diseases caused by pathogens in shrimp can be transmitted through contaminated water, feed, or equipment and can spread quickly in ponds.

2. Poor Environmental Conditions

Environmental conditions are also directly a factor causing disease outbreaks in shrimp. Poor water quality, high levels of pollutants, and low dissolved oxygen can make shrimp more susceptible to disease.

Not only that, stressful conditions such as drastic and sudden changes in temperature or salinity can also increase the risk of disease in shrimp.

3. Poor Farm Management Practices

Poor pond management is a trigger factor for the emergence of subsequent diseases. This management includes feed, water quality, shrimp health, cultural waste, and biosecurity.

The overall management of this pond management must be synergized and well-practiced. This is because if one is lacking, it will directly impact the shrimp and increase their potential to get sick.

4. Import of Infected Shrimp

Indonesia takes a lot of shrimp fry from other countries, for example, the United States. However, before these imported fries are cultivated, they must first check the quality of the fry to ensure they are not attacked by disease or become carriers.

Imported fry already infected can become carriers for other fries in the same pond. This makes the spread of the disease faster and more massive.

Also Read: Get to Know the Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) which Can Attack Vannamei Shrimp

Types of Shrimp Diseases That Often Infect

1. White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSS)

White spot disease or white spot disease is a disease in vannamei shrimp that is highly contagious and deadly. A virus causes this disease from the crustacean group. In addition, environmental factors can also trigger white spot disease infection.

The appearance of white spots and redness on the shrimp’s body indicates early symptoms of white spot disease. Over time, shrimp attacked by this disease will die slowly because it causes them to lose their appetite and eventually die.

2. Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS)

Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), also known as Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), is a disease that attacks pond shrimp and is characterized by sudden death, loss of appetite, and abnormal swimming behaviour.

This type of disease is the most frightening for fish farmers. This is because the death rate from EMS disease can reach 100% of the population.

3. Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV)

Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus is a type of disease caused by a virus that causes shrimp to experience defects in the abdomen and snout.

Shrimp infected with IHHNV will show signs of swimming behaviour to the surface of the water, then remain motionless and eventually sink to the bottom of the pond. This behavior will continue until the shrimp die.

4. Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV)

Taura Syndrome Virus is a disease that first appeared in the Taura River, Ecuador. Meanwhile, transmission can occur through water and direct contact between shrimp or other crustaceans, carriers of the TSV virus.

The Taura Syndrome Virus has spread only in Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Hawaii, Texas, and Florida until now. Meanwhile, in Asia, no shrimp has been infected with this virus.

5. Vibriosis

Vibriosis is a type of shrimp disease caused by the attack of Vibrio sp. When shrimp are infected with vibriosis, symptoms will appear in a thin skin, black sores on the body, and incomplete shrimp limbs.

Vibriosis disease is no less deadly than other illnesses found in shrimp. The death rate caused by this disease can reach 85% of the population.

6. White Feces Disease

White feces disease, also known as white feces disease, was first detected in Indonesia in 2014. This type of disease causes the death of up to 40% of the total name shrimp intensive pond population.

Symptoms caused by shrimp infected with White Feces Disease include decreased appetite, shrimp intestines changing color to white and even looking empty due to lack of food intake, abnormal shrimp growth, and feces floating on the surface of the water.

7. Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (Myo/IMNV)

Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV) or Myo in vannamei shrimp is a type of disease that can cause mass death. Symptoms of shrimp infected with this disease are reddening of the lower segment of the shrimp’s tail. Then slowly, the shrimp will die and sink to the bottom of the pond.

Myo disease is caused by an RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) virus and is classified as malignant because it causes mass death in a short time when the shrimp are 60-80 days old.

8. Black Gill

Black gill disease in vannamei shrimp is caused by the genus Fusarium or fungus. Besides fungi, ciliates can also cause black gill syndrome.

Black gill causes normally white gills to darken in response to the presence of ciliates, the primary agents causing gill melanization, leading to damage to the respiratory surface.

The normal colour of shrimp gills is dull white. In the early stages of black gill disease, black spots appear on the gills. External signs of severely infected shrimp show black gills compared to normal ones.

All gills turn black, with some turning brown, which is the initial stage of black gill infection. The gill lamellae of shrimp infected with black gill show the presence of fungal spores.

9. Black Spot

Black spots, also known as black spots, can form on the body of shrimp. Shrimp shells are usually brown and may show black spots. These black spots usually appear after harvesting shrimp, indicating a decrease in shrimp quality.

The cause is a bacterium called Vibrio anguillarum, which thrives in saltwater at temperatures between 25 to 32 degrees Celsius. This bacterium is commonly found in pond environments and does not cause disease if its concentration is kept under control.

However, Vibrio bacteria can become dangerous when water quality in the ponds deteriorates, especially due to the accumulation of organic feed residues at the pond bottom. Decreased pond quality can trigger Vibrio bacterial growth. Additionally, direct sunlight on post-harvest shrimp can also accelerate the appearance of black spots on shrimp.

To prevent this, farmers can regularly clean the pond bottom of waste, including leftover feed and moult residues. They should also maintain water quality by monitoring plankton levels, increasing dissolved oxygen, providing sufficient minerals, and managing feeding to avoid overfeeding, which can make the pond bottom dirty.

10. Yellow Head

Yellow head disease increases mortality rates up to 100% within 3 to 5 days after infection. The triggering factors are sudden changes in pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Clinical symptoms usually appear 2-4 days after infection, with death occurring within 3 to 5 days.

Like WSSV disease, this disease is classified as a category C-1 pathogenic virus. Clinical symptoms of the yellow head disease include increased shrimp appetite followed by a drastic decrease until the late stages of the disease, changes in the colour of the shrimp tail to reddish with a yellowish head, and paleness or brownish colouration in the gills.

These signs may not always be visible in infected shrimp; therefore, accurate diagnosis requires gill staining and hemolymph examination and can be further confirmed through RT-PCR.

11. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP)

Enterocytozoon hepatopenasei (EHP), also known as EHP disease in shrimp, is a disease caused by the microsporidian parasite. This parasite leads to slow growth in shrimp.

EHP disease in shrimp was first detected in 2004 in Thailand in cultured giant tiger shrimp. In Indonesia, this disease was first reported in 2015.

Although EHP disease does not directly cause shrimp mortality, its impact is felt through a decrease in shrimp growth rate during cultivation. This can result in significant differences in shrimp size within a single cultivation pond.

Also Read: Get to Know Myo IMNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and Its Characteristics

Manage Disease Free Shrimp Farms with DELOS!

Various types of shrimp diseases can cause mass mortality, resulting in production losses that farmers must suffer. Good pond operational management plays a vital role in prevention and mitigation.

However, you don’t need to worry because DELOS is here to help you manage your shrimp pond. DELOS is the best science, technology, and operational management-based aqua-tech company with a team of the top 99 best in Indonesia.

DELOS pond management is also integrated with AquaHero, making it easier for farm owners and farm personnel to monitor the condition of shrimp ponds every day in real-time based on uploaded data.

To connect with the DELOS Team, you only need to send an email via contact@delosaqua.com or submit your questions via our website contact column at www.delosaqua.com. Choose DELOS to accompany your shrimp farming!

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02Feb
AquacultureWater Quality

When is the Right Time to Change Shrimp Pond Water?

Changing pond water is one solution to address water quality issues during cultivation. Pond water should be changed when its quality declines or certain conditions necessitate such action.

Fundamentally, water quality plays a crucial role in the success of aquaculture. Therefore, shrimp farmers must consistently monitor the conditions and quality of their pond water to ensure optimal shrimp growth.

When is the right time to change shrimp pond water? Find the answers in the following article!

Also Read: Water Quality Parameters in Shrimp Farms

Objectives of Changing Pond Water During Cultivation

1. Regulating Water Temperature

Water replacement helps regulate the pond water temperature, especially during extreme weather conditions. This is crucial to maintaining the water temperature within the optimal range for shrimp growth and health.

2. Preventing Salinity Increase During Dry Season

Water replacement becomes a vital strategy to prevent excessive salinity, especially during the dry season. High salinity can harm shrimp’s health and reduce pond productivity.

3. Increasing Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Concentration

The water-changing process helps increase the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the pond. Adequate oxygen availability is crucial for shrimp metabolism and preventing hypoxic conditions.

4. Removing Excess Phytoplankton

Changing water helps control the phytoplankton population in the pond. Excessive phytoplankton can cause unstable water conditions and negatively impact shrimp health.

5. Reducing Nutrient Concentrations

The water-changing process helps reduce nutrient concentrations in the pond. Excessive nutrients can lead to algal growth and pose ecological issues in the pond.

6. Lowering Concentrations of Ammonia, Nitrate, or Nitrite

Water replacement plays a role in reducing concentrations of harmful substances such as ammonia, nitrate, or nitrite. High concentrations can adversely affect shrimp’s health and lead to various health problems.

7. Eliminating Metabolism By-Products

Water replacement assists in removing accumulated metabolic by-products of shrimp in the pond. This prevents the buildup of substances that can be harmful.

8. Replacing Lost Water due to Evaporation or Leaks

In addition to maintaining water quality, water replacement also serves to replace lost water due to natural evaporation or leaks. This helps maintain the stability of the pond water volume.

Also Read: Application of Proper Biosecurity for Shrimp Ponds

Indicators for the Right Time to Change Shrimp Pond Water

Before changing pond water, it is essential to recognize the signs indicating the right time for this action, including:

1. Significant Increase in pH > 0.5 or Above the Specified Limit

A significant change in pH levels suggests the need for water replacement. An increase of more than 0.5 from the normal limit indicates instability that can harm shrimp.

2. Change in Water Color

Changes in water color, whether becoming clear with clarity exceeding 80 cm or becoming turbid with clarity less than 30 cm, are indicators that pond water quality needs improvement through water replacement.

3. High Organic Matter in Pond Water

Accumulation of organic matter in pond water can affect water quality. If there is a significant increase, changing pond water can help reduce the burden of organic matter in the pond.

4. Decrease in Shrimp Feeding Appetite

A decrease in shrimp feeding appetite may indicate stress or health issues. Changing pond water can create a better environment for shrimp, enhancing their feeding appetite.

5. Occurrence of Plankton Blooms

Excessive plankton blooms can cause significant changes in water quality. Water replacement helps control plankton populations and prevents potential issues.

6. Increased Shrimp Mortality

If there is an unexplained increase in shrimp mortality, it may be a sign that pond water conditions need evaluation and potential water replacement.

7. Abundant Sediment at the Pond Bottom

Excessive sediment at the pond bottom can indicate that pond water needs replacement. Changing pond water helps reduce sediment levels and maintains pond bottom cleanliness.

8. High Vibrio Content in the Pond

Elevated levels of Vibrio bacteria in pond water may indicate potential shrimp health problems. Water replacement can help reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria in the pond.

Also Read: How to Properly and Completely Distribute Vannamei Shrimp Fry!

Record and Monitor Your Pond Water Quality with AquaHero!

Changing shrimp pond water should not be done arbitrarily. Therefore, shrimp farmers must pay attention to the timing and procedures for changing shrimp pond water to ensure the quality of their shrimp’s lives is not disrupted.

To determine when your pond water should be replaced, you can monitor your pond water quality using AquaHero!

AquaHero is an application developed by DELOS to make it easy for you to monitor your pond conditions daily. From water quality to shrimp growth, action recommendations, and even the break-even point estimation during cultivation.

Contact the DELOS Team at contact@delosaqua.com or submit through the contact form on our website at www.delosaqua.com to try out AquaHero’s features and make shrimp cultivation easier and traceable. Choose AquaHero to record and monitor your pond water quality!

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