Disease Archives

Category: Disease

06Feb

11 Types of Shrimp Diseases that Often Occur During Cultivation

Shrimp disease is one of the factors causing failure that must be overcome during cultivation. What’s more, these diseases can also cause mass mortality which can lead to significant economic losses and decreased production.

Various influencing factors cause disease outbreaks, from pathogens, poor environmental conditions, and pond management to shrimp being carriers of shrimp that have previously been infected with the disease.

So, what types of diseases are often encountered during shrimp cultivation? Check out the following explanation.

Also Read: The Threats of Nitrite in Shrimp Ponds and How to Overcome It

Factors Causing Vannamei Shrimp Disease

1. Pathogen

The most common causes of vannamei shrimp disease are viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Some examples of conditions in shrimp caused by pathogens include White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV), Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), and Vibriosis.

The spread of diseases caused by pathogens in shrimp can be transmitted through contaminated water, feed, or equipment and can spread quickly in ponds.

2. Poor Environmental Conditions

Environmental conditions are also directly a factor causing disease outbreaks in shrimp. Poor water quality, high levels of pollutants, and low dissolved oxygen can make shrimp more susceptible to disease.

Not only that, stressful conditions such as drastic and sudden changes in temperature or salinity can also increase the risk of disease in shrimp.

3. Poor Farm Management Practices

Poor pond management is a trigger factor for the emergence of subsequent diseases. This management includes feed, water quality, shrimp health, cultural waste, and biosecurity.

The overall management of this pond management must be synergized and well-practiced. This is because if one is lacking, it will directly impact the shrimp and increase their potential to get sick.

4. Import of Infected Shrimp

Indonesia takes a lot of shrimp fry from other countries, for example, the United States. However, before these imported fries are cultivated, they must first check the quality of the fry to ensure they are not attacked by disease or become carriers.

Imported fry already infected can become carriers for other fries in the same pond. This makes the spread of the disease faster and more massive.

Also Read: Get to Know the Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) which Can Attack Vannamei Shrimp

Types of Shrimp Diseases That Often Infect

1. White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSS)

White spot disease or white spot disease is a disease in vannamei shrimp that is highly contagious and deadly. A virus causes this disease from the crustacean group. In addition, environmental factors can also trigger white spot disease infection.

The appearance of white spots and redness on the shrimp’s body indicates early symptoms of white spot disease. Over time, shrimp attacked by this disease will die slowly because it causes them to lose their appetite and eventually die.

2. Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS)

Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), also known as Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), is a disease that attacks pond shrimp and is characterized by sudden death, loss of appetite, and abnormal swimming behaviour.

This type of disease is the most frightening for fish farmers. This is because the death rate from EMS disease can reach 100% of the population.

3. Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV)

Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus is a type of disease caused by a virus that causes shrimp to experience defects in the abdomen and snout.

Shrimp infected with IHHNV will show signs of swimming behaviour to the surface of the water, then remain motionless and eventually sink to the bottom of the pond. This behavior will continue until the shrimp die.

4. Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV)

Taura Syndrome Virus is a disease that first appeared in the Taura River, Ecuador. Meanwhile, transmission can occur through water and direct contact between shrimp or other crustaceans, carriers of the TSV virus.

The Taura Syndrome Virus has spread only in Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Hawaii, Texas, and Florida until now. Meanwhile, in Asia, no shrimp has been infected with this virus.

5. Vibriosis

Vibriosis is a type of shrimp disease caused by the attack of Vibrio sp. When shrimp are infected with vibriosis, symptoms will appear in a thin skin, black sores on the body, and incomplete shrimp limbs.

Vibriosis disease is no less deadly than other illnesses found in shrimp. The death rate caused by this disease can reach 85% of the population.

6. White Feces Disease

White feces disease, also known as white feces disease, was first detected in Indonesia in 2014. This type of disease causes the death of up to 40% of the total name shrimp intensive pond population.

Symptoms caused by shrimp infected with White Feces Disease include decreased appetite, shrimp intestines changing color to white and even looking empty due to lack of food intake, abnormal shrimp growth, and feces floating on the surface of the water.

7. Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (Myo/IMNV)

Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV) or Myo in vannamei shrimp is a type of disease that can cause mass death. Symptoms of shrimp infected with this disease are reddening of the lower segment of the shrimp’s tail. Then slowly, the shrimp will die and sink to the bottom of the pond.

Myo disease is caused by an RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) virus and is classified as malignant because it causes mass death in a short time when the shrimp are 60-80 days old.

8. Black Gill

Black gill disease in vannamei shrimp is caused by the genus Fusarium or fungus. Besides fungi, ciliates can also cause black gill syndrome.

Black gill causes normally white gills to darken in response to the presence of ciliates, the primary agents causing gill melanization, leading to damage to the respiratory surface.

The normal colour of shrimp gills is dull white. In the early stages of black gill disease, black spots appear on the gills. External signs of severely infected shrimp show black gills compared to normal ones.

All gills turn black, with some turning brown, which is the initial stage of black gill infection. The gill lamellae of shrimp infected with black gill show the presence of fungal spores.

9. Black Spot

Black spots, also known as black spots, can form on the body of shrimp. Shrimp shells are usually brown and may show black spots. These black spots usually appear after harvesting shrimp, indicating a decrease in shrimp quality.

The cause is a bacterium called Vibrio anguillarum, which thrives in saltwater at temperatures between 25 to 32 degrees Celsius. This bacterium is commonly found in pond environments and does not cause disease if its concentration is kept under control.

However, Vibrio bacteria can become dangerous when water quality in the ponds deteriorates, especially due to the accumulation of organic feed residues at the pond bottom. Decreased pond quality can trigger Vibrio bacterial growth. Additionally, direct sunlight on post-harvest shrimp can also accelerate the appearance of black spots on shrimp.

To prevent this, farmers can regularly clean the pond bottom of waste, including leftover feed and moult residues. They should also maintain water quality by monitoring plankton levels, increasing dissolved oxygen, providing sufficient minerals, and managing feeding to avoid overfeeding, which can make the pond bottom dirty.

10. Yellow Head

Yellow head disease increases mortality rates up to 100% within 3 to 5 days after infection. The triggering factors are sudden changes in pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Clinical symptoms usually appear 2-4 days after infection, with death occurring within 3 to 5 days.

Like WSSV disease, this disease is classified as a category C-1 pathogenic virus. Clinical symptoms of the yellow head disease include increased shrimp appetite followed by a drastic decrease until the late stages of the disease, changes in the colour of the shrimp tail to reddish with a yellowish head, and paleness or brownish colouration in the gills.

These signs may not always be visible in infected shrimp; therefore, accurate diagnosis requires gill staining and hemolymph examination and can be further confirmed through RT-PCR.

11. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP)

Enterocytozoon hepatopenasei (EHP), also known as EHP disease in shrimp, is a disease caused by the microsporidian parasite. This parasite leads to slow growth in shrimp.

EHP disease in shrimp was first detected in 2004 in Thailand in cultured giant tiger shrimp. In Indonesia, this disease was first reported in 2015.

Although EHP disease does not directly cause shrimp mortality, its impact is felt through a decrease in shrimp growth rate during cultivation. This can result in significant differences in shrimp size within a single cultivation pond.

Also Read: Get to Know Myo IMNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and Its Characteristics

Manage Disease Free Shrimp Farms with DELOS!

Various types of shrimp diseases can cause mass mortality, resulting in production losses that farmers must suffer. Good pond operational management plays a vital role in prevention and mitigation.

However, you don’t need to worry because DELOS is here to help you manage your shrimp pond. DELOS is the best science, technology, and operational management-based aqua-tech company with a team of the top 99 best in Indonesia.

DELOS pond management is also integrated with AquaHero, making it easier for farm owners and farm personnel to monitor the condition of shrimp ponds every day in real-time based on uploaded data.

To connect with the DELOS Team, you only need to send an email via contact@delosaqua.com or submit your questions via our website contact column at www.delosaqua.com. Choose DELOS to accompany your shrimp farming!

30Nov

Disease

Types of Bacterial Diseases in Shrimp

Shrimp diseases caused by bacteria can pose a serious threat to farmers. In recent years, these diseases have frequently attacked shrimp farms, becoming a significant risk factor leading to a drastic reduction in shrimp production and economic losses.

The shrimp farming industry plays a crucial role in meeting global seafood demands rich in protein, essential amino acids, and micronutrients. Consequently, producers continually innovate to develop this industry, such as implementing high-density stocking like in super-intensive culture systems.

However, this innovation comes with increased risks of infections and shrimp disease outbreaks. This necessitates constant vigilance for shrimp farmers and the entire vannamei shrimp aquaculture industry.

After discussing viral shrimp diseases previously, this article will delve further into bacterial-induced shrimp diseases.

Also Read: Vannamei Shrimp Probiotics and Its Benefits For Cultivation

Types of Shrimp Diseases Caused by Bacteria

1. Vibriosis

Vibriosis is a shrimp disease caused by Vibrio bacteria and can cause high mortality rates worldwide. Vibrio bacterial infections can occur from the hatchery to the grow-out ponds. Typically, the introduction of Vibrio bacteria into grow-out ponds occurs due to environmental factors, often carried by carrier animals. Shrimp gills are the most vulnerable area due to their thin exoskeleton covering.

Vibrio harveyi is the bacterium most frequently causing mass mortality in a relatively short period. It attacks shrimp larvae at zoea, mysis, and post-larval stages.

Shrimp diseases resulting from Vibrio infections include loose shell syndrome (LSS) and white gut disease (WGD). Both diseases can cause massive mortality during shrimp farming.

2. AHPND

The second bacterial shrimp disease is AHPND (Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease) caused by an infection from Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria capable of producing toxins leading to shrimp mortality rates of up to 100%.

Deaths due to AHPND occur within 40 days after stocking in ponds. Shrimp affected by this disease exhibit empty digestive tracts, pale and shriveled hepatopancreas, soft skin, and black spots on the hepatopancreas. Typically, deaths occur around the 10th day after stocking, and weakened shrimp sink to the pond bottom before dying.

3. White Feces Disease (WFD)

Another bacterial shrimp disease is White Feces Disease (WFD), resulting from declining water quality and accumulated feed residues in ponds, leading to the formation of organic compounds. It is characterized by long white feces in the ponds. Its effects on shrimp include skin shedding and the presence of worm-like parasites in the intestines, reducing feed efficiency, inhibiting shrimp growth, and significantly decreasing survival rates.

4. Black Spot Disease

Black Spot Disease caused by Vibrio anguillarum can spread in aquatic environments. This disease results in black and brown spots on the shells of affected shrimp. Contributing factors include poor water quality and the accumulation of organic feed residues at the pond bottom. Typically, this disease occurs post-harvest.

Also Read: Get to Know Myo IMNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and Its Characteristics

Sources of Bacterial Diseases in Shrimp

1. Environment

The environment can trigger the emergence of bacterial diseases in shrimp. Environmental factors encompass various parameters of pond water quality where shrimp live. The most influential water quality parameters are organic material content and temperature.

Research conducted by the Fisheries Research Institute has proven that organic material significantly affects the increased population rate of Vibrio harveyi bacteria. Rich and high organic content water often originates from waste.

Bacteria are generally fluctuating and can infect and cause shrimp deaths in poor water quality conditions. To mitigate this, practices such as pond draining and efficient feed provision are essential.

Additionally, water temperature significantly affects shrimp metabolism. Normal metabolic processes occur when the water temperature is optimal. Below-optimal temperatures induce stress and worsen shrimp health.

2. Broodstock Contamination

Bacterial diseases in shrimp can horizontally transmit from broodstock to larvae. Infected broodstock releases tissue and ovary fluids together with eggs, allowing pathogens in the fluid to adhere to the eggs. When the eggs hatch into larvae, they become infected with the pathogen. If these larvae are cultivated, their survival rates decrease due to disease susceptibility.

Control and Prevention Measures

1. Effective Environmental Management

To prevent bacterial diseases in shrimp, maintaining good pond environmental management is crucial. This includes ensuring all water quality parameters are at optimal levels.

2. Hygienic Farming Equipment Maintenance

During shrimp farming, avoid using the same farming equipment between ponds. Using the same equipment interchangeably can spread bacterial contamination to other farming ponds.

3. Proper Feed Management

Bacterial accumulation in ponds is often due to poorly processed organic waste from uneaten feed settling at the pond’s bottom. Therefore, controlling shrimp feed provision is crucial.

4. Routine Monitoring

Regular checks are essential in preventing bacterial-induced shrimp diseases. Routine monitoring, usually done through PCR testing at specific stages of the shrimp, helps identify fluctuations in water quality.

Also Read: 5 Things You Need to Do When Starting a Shrimp Farm Business

Perform Routine Shrimp Health Checks with AquaCheck!

Routine shrimp health checks can be a preventative step against bacterial-induced shrimp diseases. Regular PCR tests help prevent widespread shrimp diseases, averting more significant losses.

For those seeking shrimp PCR facilities, consider AquaCheck! AquaCheck is DELOS’s PCR testing service, assisting in detecting up to five pathogens simultaneously at an affordable price.

Moreover, AquaCheck can detect various samples universally, including larvae, shrimp, sediment, water, and other potential pathogen carriers in ponds.

Contact DELOS at contact@delosaqua.com or submit inquiries through our website’s contact column at www.delosaqua.com. Check your shrimp’s health condition with AquaCheck!

18Nov

Disease

Danger of Shrimp Diseases Caused by Viruses

Shrimp diseases caused by viruses have become a frightening spectre haunting farmers and can strike at any time. These diseases can cause mass mortality and a decrease in production, triggering significant losses.

As one of the most demanded seafood commodities in the world, shrimp demand has been consistently rising. However, this industry often faces threats posed by diseases caused by viruses.

What are these diseases? Find out more in the following article!

Also Read: How to Properly and Completely Distribute Vannamei Shrimp Fry!

Threats of Shrimp Diseases Caused by Viruses

Shrimp diseases caused by viruses can pose a serious threat to the fishing industry. These viruses spread quickly among dense shrimp populations, as often seen in shrimp ponds or farms. Environmental factors such as water quality, population density, and poor sanitation conditions can trigger the rapid spread of these diseases.

Types of Shrimp Diseases Caused by Viruses

1. Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV)

TSV is one of the most damaging viruses in the shrimp industry. This disease is characterized by symptoms such as decreased appetite, abnormal body color, and ultimately sudden death in infected shrimp. TSV has caused significant losses in the shrimp industry worldwide.

2. White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)

WSSV causes white spots on the shrimp’s body. This disease is highly contagious and can cause rapid death. WSSV is a major cause of shrimp crop failures in many shrimp ponds.

3. Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV)

IHHNV affects the respiratory system of shrimp, causing changes in body colour and reduced shrimp growth. Although it rarely causes death, this virus can lead to significant economic losses by hindering shrimp growth.

4. Yellow Head Virus (YHV)

YHV causes the shrimp’s head to change colour to yellow and eventually leads to death. This disease has a high severity level and can spread rapidly among shrimp populations.

5. Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 (DIV1)

DIV1 is a virus that affects various shrimp species. This disease causes changes in the shrimp’s body colour to iridescent or shiny and often leads to death in infected shrimp.

Impact of Shrimp Diseases Due to Viruses

Diseases caused by viruses in shrimp have adverse effects on aquaculture industries. Economic losses caused by mass shrimp deaths, decreased production, and crop failures have become serious problems for shrimp farmers.

Moreover, these diseases can also disrupt the balance of aquatic ecosystems. Mass deaths of virus-infected shrimp can increase pollution levels in water environments and threaten environmental sustainability.

Also Read: Effective Strategies for Controlling Ammonia in Vannamei Shrimp Ponds

Control and Prevention Efforts

Experts and shrimp farmers continue to make efforts to control and prevent the impact of viral diseases on shrimp. Some of the steps taken include:

1. Implementation of Good Aquaculture Practices

One of the primary approaches to controlling viral diseases in shrimp is by implementing good aquaculture practices. This involves managing water quality, maintaining pond cleanliness, and selecting healthy shrimp seedlings.

2. Vaccination and Treatment

Vaccine development is a crucial strategy in preventing viral diseases in shrimp. Additionally, the appropriate use of medicines is an option to address viral infections in shrimp. The treatment provided must comply with food safety standards and should not pose risks.

3. Isolation and Quarantine

Implementing isolation and quarantine practices are crucial steps in preventing the spread of viruses among shrimp populations. Infected shrimp must be immediately isolated and removed from the main population to prevent transmission to healthy shrimp.

4. Regular Supervision and Monitoring

Regular supervision and monitoring of shrimp health are crucial parts of disease control strategies. You can conduct routine PCR tests on specific DOCs. Periodic inspections are conducted to detect early symptoms of disease or viral infections. Early identification enables appropriate actions to prevent further spread.

5. Education and Training

Enhanced knowledge about viral diseases in shrimp and proper control practices should be disseminated to farmers and other shrimp farming stakeholders.

Also Read: Get to Know EHP Shrimp Disease and Its Prevention

Routine Health Checks for Your Shrimp with AquaCheck!

Regular health checks are a must as a preventive measure against diseases caused by viruses in vannamei shrimp. With routine PCR testing, you can prevent shrimp diseases from spreading widely and causing greater losses.

For those seeking shrimp PCR facilities, you can find them at AquaCheck! AquaCheck is DELOS’s PCR testing service to help you detect up to five pathogens simultaneously at an affordable price.

Furthermore, AquaCheck can detect universal samples, ranging from seedlings, shrimp, mud, and water, to other animals suspected of carrying pathogens in ponds.

Contact DELOS at contact@delosaqua.com or submit your inquiries through the contact column on our website at www.delosaqua.com. Check the health condition of your shrimp with AquaCheck!

07Nov

Disease

Get to Know EHP Shrimp Disease and Its Prevention

EHP shrimp disease has become a frightening spectre haunting shrimp farmers. This disease prevents shrimp from growing to their full size even when it’s time for harvest, affecting the profits of the farmers.

EHP, or Enterocytozoon hepatopenasei, is a disease caused by a microsporidian parasite that slows down shrimp growth, resulting in uneven shrimp sizes within the same pond.

So, what are the symptoms of EHP disease in shrimp, and how can it be controlled? Find out more in this article!

Also Read: Get to Know Shrimp PCR, an Early Disease Identification Solution

What is EHP Shrimp Disease?

Enterocytozoon hepatopenasei, or EHP disease in shrimp, is a type of disease caused by a microsporidian parasite that hinders the shrimp’s growth rate.

EHP in shrimp was first discovered in 2004, specifically in cultured tiger shrimp in Thailand. In Indonesia, it was first reported to infect shrimp in 2015.

EHP in shrimp does not directly impact shrimp mortality, but it can impede shrimp growth during cultivation, leading to variations in shrimp sizes within the same farming pond.

Symptoms of EHP Disease in Shrimp

Given the potential dangers of EHP disease, it is important to pay attention to the symptoms that arise to take prompt action. Here are the symptoms to watch out for:

Slow shrimp growth with white feces in infected shrimp (White Feces Syndrome).
Reduced appetite in shrimp.
Epithelial cells of the hepatopancreatic tubules in shrimp exhibit the presence of basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions (microsporidian sporocysts).
Softening of the shrimp’s shell.
Empty hepatopancreas and midgut in shrimp.

EHP in shrimp can also be transmitted horizontally through cannibalism among shrimp and through EHP spores released into the water via infected shrimp feces.

If shrimp in your pond exhibit the above symptoms, it is essential to take mitigation measures and conduct PCR testing to confirm whether your shrimp suffers from EHP or another shrimp disease.

Also Read: How to Prevent Disease Spead in Shrimp Farms?

Preventing EHP Shrimp Disease Infection

To prevent cases of EHP in your shrimp pond, you can follow the following methods:

1. Quarantine and Monitoring

If EHP disease has infected your pond, separate infected shrimp from healthy ones to prevent the disease from spreading further.

Always observe any signs of symptoms, such as changes in body colour, abnormal growth, and reduced appetite.

2. Regular Water Replacement

The number of EHP cases tends to increase as the shrimp’s cultivation period progresses. The farming system can influence the presence of EHP. Ponds with frequent water replacement and the removal of pond bottom waste experience lower EHP incidence.

Water quality conditions are also related to the appearance of pathogen infections that can lead to shrimp mortality. Shrimp metabolism, immunity, and physiology are influenced by their environment.

3. Quality Feeding

Ensure that the feed provided is of high quality and free from microsporidian contamination. Avoid feeding damaged or unverified feed.

4. Environmental Management

Ensure that the shrimp farming environment remains in good condition. This includes maintaining optimal water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen.

5. Consult with Relevant Experts

If your shrimp exhibit specific disease symptoms, consult with a shrimp disease expert before it’s too late. You can also perform routine PCR testing on your shrimp, especially on days of culture (DOC) 20, DOC 40, and DOC 60 when pond dynamics start to occur.

Also Read: Recognize the Symptoms of IHHNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and How to Prevent It

Test Your Shrimp’s Health with AquaCheck!

Regular PCR testing is a must for those who want to achieve maximum harvest results. With routine PCR testing, you can prevent shrimp diseases from spreading widely and causing more significant losses.

For those looking for shrimp PCR facilities, you can find them at AquaCheck! AquaCheck is a PCR testing service from DELOS designed to help you detect up to five pathogens simultaneously at an affordable price.

Moreover, AquaCheck can detect universal samples, including post-larvae, shrimp, pond sediment, water, and other suspected carriers of pathogens in the pond.

Contact DELOS at contact@delosaqua.com or submit your questions through the contact form on our website at www.delosaqua.com. Check the health of your shrimp with AquaCheck!

31Aug

Disease

Get to Know Shrimp PCR, an Early Disease Identification Solution

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) for shrimp has become one of the latest innovations continuously developed to combat various shrimp diseases. This is because the emergence of diseases itself can have a significant impact on the decline in productivity and substantial economic losses.

For example, in 2018, Thailand and Vietnam, the two largest shrimp exporters in Southeast Asia, experienced a decrease in shrimp exports due to the infection of Early Mortality Syndrome (EHP).

Therefore, it is important for shrimp farmers to perform early disease checks to avoid greater losses. One way to do this is by identifying the presence of genetic material DNA or RNA from viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites infecting shrimp without waiting for disease symptoms to appear using the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test.

Also Read: Recognize 7 Characteristics of AHPND Disease in Vannamei Shrimp Before It’s Too Late

What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is an analysis of the presence of genetic material (DNA and RNA) of an organism. PCR can identify the presence of viruses, bacteria, and micro-parasites that cause shrimp diseases, even in very small quantities (10 copies of the virus or bacteria).

The principle of PCR is to break the double-stranded DNA and target a “specific region” according to the identification target, followed by duplication of the target DNA at a specified time. Therefore, by using PCR, we can analyze the presence of various types of diseases in the same sample. In shrimp farming environments, PCR can be used to check for the presence of diseases in shrimp, pond water, mud, natural feed, artificial feed, and wild fauna that could potentially be carriers of these diseases.

PCR shrimp testing is usually done in laboratories using samples prepared by shrimp farmers. Typically, these samples can be whole shrimp or organ samples such as pleopods, hemolymph, hepatopancreas, stomach, and epithelium, which are placed in 70-96% alcohol for 24 hours before being sent.

Benefits of Shrimp PCR Testing

PCR testing for shrimp is an important tool in detecting diseases such as IMNV, WSSV, IHHNV, EHP, and others. Some other benefits of PCR testing include:

1. Early Disease Detection

One of the main benefits of PCR testing in shrimp is its ability to detect diseases at the early stage of infection, even before clinical symptoms appear. This allows farmers to take early preventive and control measures, reducing the risk of disease spreading to the shrimp population in the ponds.

2. High Accuracy

Shrimp PCR testing has high specificity and sensitivity. This means that PCR checks can accurately identify the type of pathogen causing a specific disease in shrimp samples, helping to avoid false positives or negatives.

3. Pathogen Type Identification

PCR testing can also help identify the types of pathogens causing diseases in shrimp. This information is crucial for designing appropriate control strategies, as each pathogen may require different approaches to prevention and management.

4. Disease Spread Monitoring

By conducting regular PCR testing on shrimp, farmers can better monitor the spread of diseases. PCR test results help farmers make decisions regarding the isolation and control of infected populations to prevent wider disease spread.

5. Superior Seed Selection

PCR testing can also be used on shrimp larvae to obtain disease-resistant seedlings. By conducting PCR tests, farmers can ensure that the larvae to be stocked have resistance to specific pathogens, increasing the chances of successful cultivation.

6. Environmental Health Monitoring

The presence of pathogens in shrimp samples can also provide clues about the environmental health conditions around the cultivation site. An increase in disease occurrence may indicate problems with environmental management, such as poor water quality.

7. Cost Savings

Although shrimp PCR testing is more expensive than other detection methods, early and accurate detection can save long-term costs and prevent potential losses in the future.

Also Read: Recognize the Symptoms of IHHNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and How to Prevent It

Types of Shrimp PCR

There are several types of shrimp PCR tests used to detect pathogens. Some of them are:

1. Conventional PCR (cPCR)

Conventional PCR is the most basic type of PCR, where target DNA fragments are exponentially amplified using specific primers and DNA polymerase. The final results can be analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis. cPCR is used to detect the DNA of pathogens causing diseases in shrimp.

2. Real-time PCR (qPCR)

qPCR is a method that allows real-time detection and quantification of DNA during the amplification reaction. This technique is highly sensitive and provides real-time results. qPCR is often used to monitor pathogen infection levels in populations to measure shrimp’s immune response to infection.

3. Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR)

RT-PCR is used to detect and amplify RNA instead of DNA. This type of shrimp PCR test is used for pathogens that are RNA viruses. The method involves reverse transcription of RNA into cDNA using reverse transcriptase enzyme before DNA amplification is carried out.

4. Insulated Isothermal PCR (iiPCR)

The principle of detecting shrimp diseases through iiPCR is similar to other PCR methods, but it operates differently. In iiPCR, the amplification of the target gene occurs at a constant temperature, unlike conventional PCR and real-time PCR, which involve three different temperatures in each repeating cycle.

The iiPCR process requires less time, and the results can be observed qualitatively on the iiPCR or PCR Pockit screen. iiPCR indicates a positive result when the signal from the virus DNA in the sample exceeds 10 copies.

5. Digital PCR

Digital PCR separates samples into many small compartments and amplifies DNA independently in each compartment. This PCR test allows for the precise detection and quantification of single-molecule targets. Digital PCR has high sensitivity and is suitable for samples with very low target concentrations.

Also Read: How to Prevent Disease Spead in Shrimp Farms?

Get Shrimp PCR Testing at AquaCheck!

Shrimp PCR testing plays a vital role in cultivation, especially in early disease detection to prevent losses from disease outbreaks.

For those seeking shrimp PCR facilities, you can find them at AquaCheck!

AquaCheck is a PCR testing service from DELOS designed to help you detect up to five pathogens simultaneously at an affordable price through samples of shrimp larvae, shrimp, mud, and pond water. With AquaCheck, you can achieve maximum shrimp cultivation results.

Contact DELOS at contact@delosaqua.com or submit your inquiries through the contact form on our website www.aquacheck.id. Check the health of your shrimp with AquaCheck!

28Jul

Disease

How to Prevent Disease Spread in Shrimp Farms?

Knowing how to prevent the disease spread in shrimp ponds is essential for shrimp farmers. This is due to the high economic losses that can result from disease outbreaks.

Several steps can be taken by shrimp farmers to prevent disease spread, including selecting disease-free shrimp seed, controlling shrimp populations, managing water quality, providing proper feed and feed additives, and implementing strict biosecurity measures.

Let’s delve into the details in the following article!

Also Read: Understanding Sampling in Shrimp Farming and Its Benefits

How to Prevent Disease Spread in Shrimp Farms

1. Selecting Shrimp Seed

The quality of shrimp seed is crucial in shrimp farming. Besides genetic quality, it is essential that the shrimp used are free from diseases before starting cultivation. To ensure disease-free seed, farmers can conduct microscopic analysis and PCR tests on the shrimp seed to be used.

2. Controlling Shrimp Population

Overpopulation in shrimp ponds can lead to resource competition and stress in shrimp, making them more susceptible to infections. Therefore, it is essential to control the shrimp population in ponds through measures such as:

a. Proper Stocking Density

Avoid overstocking the ponds. Consider pond size, environmental carrying capacity, and farming technology before adding shrimp populations.

b. Monitoring and Testing

Regularly monitor and conduct laboratory tests to identify potential diseases in the shrimp population. If signs of infection are detected, prompt mitigation and treatment measures should be taken to prevent further spread.

Also Read: Causes and Ways to Overcome Stress in Vannamei Shrimp

3. Managing Water Quality

Poor water quality can cause stress in shrimp, leading to weakened immune systems and increased susceptibility to diseases. Therefore, managing water quality is key to preventing disease spread in shrimp ponds.

Some actions to take in water management include:

a. Regular Checks

Farmers should routinely measure water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, alkalinity, and hardness. Regular checks can help identify changes that may affect shrimp health.

b. Adjusting Water Quality Parameters

Based on the measurement results, farmers should take action to improve any suboptimal water quality parameters. Treatments can be adjusted according to which water quality parameters need optimization.

4. Using Proper Feed and Feed Additives

The quality of the feed provided is essential for enhancing shrimp immunity. Poor-quality feed or feed that doesn’t meet their nutritional needs can weaken the shrimp’s immune system, making them more vulnerable to diseases. Farmers should ensure that shrimp receive feed with complete nutritional value to support growth and immune functions.

High-quality feed with suitable nutrient content for specific shrimp developmental stages should be used. Additionally, shrimp immunity can be supported by providing appropriate feed additives such as immunostimulants and probiotics. If there are signs of diseases in the shrimp, farmers should consult aquaculture experts or fish veterinarians for accurate diagnosis and proper disease management measures.

5. Implementing Strict Biosecurity

Implementing biosecurity measures is of utmost importance in preventing disease spread in shrimp ponds. All potential sources of disease transmission, whether from within or outside the pond environment, should be minimized.

a. External Biosecurity

Restrict access of outsiders to the shrimp ponds, and ensure that all shrimp farm equipment and vehicles entering the area are properly cleaned and sterilized to prevent disease transmission through external contamination.

b. Internal Biosecurity

Keep the shrimp farming environment isolated from other animals suspected of being carriers or disease vectors. Additionally, during pond changes, all workers should disinfect their hands and the equipment.

Also Read: The Importance of Alkalinity in Shrimp Ponds, Check Your Alkalinity Now!

Learn and Prevent Shrimp Diseases Early with DELOS!

Shrimp diseases are one of the most damaging factors in aquaculture. They can cause massive shrimp mortality and lead to economic losses due to crop failure.

Therefore, it is essential for shrimp farmers to take early disease prevention measures, such as selecting disease-free shrimp seed, controlling populations, managing water quality, using proper feed and additives, and implementing strict biosecurity.

If shrimp diseases occur in your ponds, contact DELOS Team immediately. DELOS is an aquatech startup ready to assist you in addressing diseases in your shrimp ponds.

With the reliable and highly dedicated AquaHero team, we are here to help you mitigate and prevent disease outbreaks in your ponds.

Contact DELOS via contact@delosaqua.com or through the WhatsApp number provided on our website www.delosaqua.com to find solutions to your shrimp disease issues!

28Jun

Disease

Recognize the Symptoms of IHHNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and How to Prevent It

IHHNV, or Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus, is a disease caused by a viral infection that attacks vannamei shrimp. This disease can cause shrimp to become stunted and deformed in some body parts.

IHHNV disease can attack all stages of shrimp life, from eggs, larvae, postlarvae, and juveniles to adult shrimp. Therefore, you must be careful and mitigate if you encounter shrimp with IHHNV symptoms.

However, you don’t need to worry; read more about the symptoms and how to prevent IHHNV in this article!

Also Read: Get to Know Myo IMNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and Its Characteristics

Symptoms of IHHNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp:

IHHNV disease infects the hypodermal and hematopoietic tissues of vannamei shrimp, such as gills, cuticle epithelium, connective tissue, lymphoid organs, and others. Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the infection. Some of the common symptoms of IHHNV in vannamei shrimp include:

1. Decreased Appetite

Vannamei shrimp infected with IHHNV showed a decrease in appetite. This can lead to slower growth rates and poor shrimp survival rates.

2. Discoloration and Deformity of the Body

Shrimp infected with IHHNV can show discoloration and deformities, namely stunting in some parts of the body and deformity of the rostrum. In acute conditions, the shrimp skin will appear pale white, the body’s surface will be overgrown with bacteria or fungi, and necrosis is seen in the cuticles, nerves, and antennae.

Also Read: The Importance of Alkalinity in Shrimp Ponds, Check Your Alkalinity Now!

How to Prevent IHHNV in Vannamei Shrimp

There are several mitigation strategies that you can use to reduce the impact of IHHNV on the vannamei shrimp population in your pond, namely:

1. Implementation of Strict Biosecurity

Implementing strict biosecurity such as disinfecting ponds, water, and equipment, limiting interactions between people from outside the pond and the pond, and using disease-free broodstock and juveniles.

2. Do Early Detection and Treatment

Monitoring the condition of shrimp every day regularly can help you detect symptoms of IHHNV disease so that mitigation and treatment can be carried out immediately to reduce losses. Molecular disease checks using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), carried out regularly before stocking or during the cultivation process, are also very helpful in the early detection of IHHNV disease.

3. Implement Good Water Quality Management

Maintaining optimal water quality parameters with good management can also help you reduce stress on vannamei shrimp so that the shrimp are not susceptible to disease.

4. Select Disease Resistant Parent

Choosing parents who are genetically resistant to disease can help reduce the risk of infection in their offspring, including infection with IHHNV. The reason is that, in some cases, broodstock shrimp can reduce the disease in the fry produced.

5. Practice Good Feed Management

Good feed management will significantly help shrimp to meet their energy needs. Shrimp whose energy needs are met adequately will be more resistant to environmental stress and disease infection and grow faster.

6. Administer Immunostimulants and Feed Additives

Immunostimulants and feed additives, such as β-glucans, probiotics, vitamins, and others, can also improve the shrimp’s immune system to resist environmental stress and viral infections.

Also Read: Recognize 7 Characteristics of AHPND Disease in Vannamei Shrimp Before It’s Too Late

Find Out About IHHNV Disease and How to Treat It with DELOS!

IHHNV disease is one of the most dangerous diseases in shrimp because it can attack various life stages, from eggs to adult shrimp. Therefore, constantly monitor the health of your shrimp to prevent further spread of disease.

When symptoms appear that shrimp are infected with IHHNV, you should immediately consult with people who are experts in handling this disease. DELOS is one of them!

DELOS is an aquatech startup ready to help you deal with it. With a reliable and highly dedicated Science Team, we are ready to assist you in mitigating and preventing disease from occurring in your shrimp ponds.

Not only IHHNV disease, but the DELOS Science Team is also experienced in treating various other diseases. Such as white feces and Myo disease. So, no need to hesitate and immediately contact DELOS via contact@delosaqua.com or via the contact column and WhatsApp on our website, www.delosaqua.com, to get a solution to your shrimp disease problem!

08Jun

Disease

Recognize 7 Characteristics of AHPND Disease in Vannamei Shrimp Before It’s Too Late

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease, also known as AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp, is a problem that farmers often face. This disease can cause mass death resulting in heavy losses and harvest failure.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) originates from a bacterial infection with a strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp AHPND). This disease is also known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), which can cause farm productivity to decrease by up to 60% and result in considerable losses.

To be on time in carrying out mitigation if attacked by AHPND, farmers must know its characteristics. Here we summarize some of the characteristics of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) that you can use as a reference.

Also Read: Vannamei Shrimp Probiotics and Its Benefits for Cultivation

What is AHPND?

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease or AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp is a disease caused by bacterial infection with the Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp AHPND) strain.

AHPND disease first appeared in China in 2009 and then spread to Vietnam in 2010, Malaysia in 2011, Thailand in 2012, Mexico in 2013, the Philippines in 2015, and South America in 2016.

As a result of the outbreak of AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp in these countries, shrimp production has decreased by up to 60%, resulting in considerable losses.

Not only attacking vannamei shrimp, but AHPND disease also attacks other shrimp species, such as P. monodon (tiger prawn), M. rosenbergii (giant prawn), and other types of crustaceans.

Usually, shrimp in the early life phase is more susceptible to AHPND infection. Furthermore, AHPND attacks the digestive glands (hepatopancreas) and destroys hepatopancreatic cells R (resorptive), B (blister), F (fibrillar), and E (embryonic) which results in organ dysfunction leading to massive death.

Also Read: Get to Know Myo IMNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and Its Characteristics

Characteristics of AHPND Disease in Shrimp

Vannamei shrimp infected with AHPND usually look lethargic and exhibit abnormal swimming behavior. Apart from this, here are other characteristics when shrimp have been infected with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease.

1. Infecting the Early Life of Shrimp

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease in vannamei shrimp infects in the early phase of cultivation, from the 1st to the 35th day of cultivation. Usually, this will be followed by the mass death of up to 100% of the stocked shrimp.

2. Shrimps Have No Appetite

AHPND disease causes shrimp to have no appetite and thus show symptoms of anorexia. Furthermore, this symptom is followed by emptying the digestive tract and loss of tissue pigmentation.

3. Shrimp growth slows down

Shrimp with no appetite due to AHPND infection indirectly triggers slower shrimp growth. This is because the growth of shrimp is directly influenced by the food consumed.

4. The digestive tract becomes empty

Shrimp that has been infected with AHPND disease show an empty digestive condition. Because this disease attacks the digestion of shrimp directly.

5. Hepatopancreas Turns Pale

When infected with AHPND disease, the vannamei shrimp hepatopancreas tissue will experience fragility at the beginning of the infection. Then as the disease progresses, this tissue will become pale and rigid.

6. Appearance of Black Spots on the Hepatopancreas

After becoming pale and rigid, the next phase will appear with black spots or fine lines on the hepatopancreas. These black spots indicate foci of melanization in the tubular cells of the hepatopancreas.

7. High Mortality Rate

The death rate from AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp reaches 100% in most countries. However, in several other countries, it shows the opposite, namely a low death rate.

The difference in tolerance for death rates is because regions with low mortality rates have had a history of similar diseases. This makes the vannamei shrimp’s immune system better compared to other areas.

How to Overcome AHPND Disease in Shrimp

Only now the treatment for AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp is known with certainty. However, farmers can take preventive measures in farm management, for example, by aeration, providing appropriate feed, and maintaining pond water quality.

Diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria in vannamei shrimp are generally controlled using appropriate management strategies, including immunostimulant supplementation, prebiotics, probiotics, maintaining water and feed quality, and maintaining pond aeration.

However, this control cannot stop the spread of the disease when the vannamei shrimp have been attacked by Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease. Conventional approaches such as stopping feeding or giving disinfectants can be another solution, although the success rate is also relatively low.

Also Read: Get to Know the Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) which Can Attack Vannamei Shrimp

Prevent AHPND Disease in Vannamei Shrimp with DELOS!

Until now, there is no known way to deal with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease or AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp. However, farmers can take early prevention by carrying out proper farm management.

Therefore DELOS has Farm Management that can assist you in managing shrimp farms following international standards.

With a scientific and operational team that has been reliable and experienced for years, DELOS is ready to assist you in managing shrimp farms, including mitigating if the disease is detected in your shrimp farms.

To become part of DELOS, contact@delosaqua.com or ask questions via the contact box on our website www.delosaqua.com. Trust your shrimp farm management to DELOS!

05Jun

Disease

Get to Know Myo IMNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and Its Characteristics

Myo disease in white shrimp is also known as IMNV disease. This disease is caused by the Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV), which damages muscle tissue in shrimp. As a result, from the body tissue until the tail of the shrimp dies and the color becomes red.

Myo disease was first discovered in Brazil in 2002. This disease is classified as malignant and deadly in vaname shrimp, with a mass mortality rate reaching 70% of the total shrimp stocked in ponds.

While in Indonesia, this disease was first discovered in 2006, precisely in one of the ponds in Situbondo Regency. Since then, research has been carried out on this shrimp disease.

So what exactly does Myo IMNV disease look like in vannamei shrimp, and what are its characteristics? Check out the following explanation.

Also Read: 7 Easy Ways to Cultivate Vannamei Shrimp For Beginners

What Is Myo Disease in Vannamei Shrimp?

Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV), or myo disease, attacks white shrimp and can cause substantial economic losses due to mass deaths.

IMNV virus can infect all stages of shrimp life, including post-larvae, juveniles, to adult shrimp. However, more deaths were found at the stage of young to adult shrimp.

Meanwhile, the transmission of this virus can occur in two ways, namely horizontally and vertically. Cannibalistic behavior in infected shrimp can be a way of horizontally transmitting this disease. While vertically, this virus can be transmitted from the parent to the fry it produces.

Also Read: 5 Things You Need to Do When Starting a Shrimp Farms Business

Characteristics of Vannamei Shrimp Affected by IMNV

1. Shrimp Body Turns Pale

penyakit myo pada udang vaname — Source: Vijayapoopathi, et. al., 2020. via researchgate.net

The body of vaname shrimp attacked by myo disease will gradually turn pale. While in healthy and normal shrimp, the body color tends to be transparent.

2. Muscle Color Turns White

The muscles in vaname shrimp will turn white like milk. This color change can also be seen in the body segments of shrimp infected with IMNV disease.

3. The Lower Section of the Abdomen until the Shrimp’s Tail Turns Red

myo disease in vannamei shrimp — Source: onlinelibrary.wiley.com

The most easily recognizable characteristics of vaname shrimp infected with IMNV are the lower segment until the shrimp tail turns red, similar to cooked shrimp. This is because all the existing networks in it have died.

Also Read: Types of Vannamei Shrimp Feeds to Make Your Shrimp Grow Faster

Find Out About Myo IMNV Disease and How to Treat It With DELOS!

Myo disease or IMNV in vaname shrimp, is a disease that is very detrimental to farmers. The reason is this disease can cause mass death in infected shrimp.

When symptoms or signs of shrimp develop myo disease, you should immediately contact or consult experts in handling this white shrimp disease.

However, if you still need to figure out where to go for a consultation, DELOS is here and ready to help you deal with it. With the dedicated science team that DELOS has, we are ready to assist you in mitigating if a disease is detected in your shrimp farm.

Not only myo disease in vaname shrimp but DELOS Science Team is also experienced in handling various other diseases. Such as white stool and IHHNV. So, don’t hesitate and contact DELOS at contact@delosaqua.com or via contact column on our website www.delosaqua.com to get a solution to your shrimp disease problem!

09Mar

Disease

Getting to Know the Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) in Vannamei Shrimp

Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) is a highly contagious disease affecting shrimp aquaculture worldwide. This disease can cause death up to 40-90% in post-larvae and juvenile stages.

The Taura Syndrome virus was first identified in 1992 during an outbreak that caused economic losses in Ecuador. Since then, TSV disease has become a significant concern in the aquaculture industry.

So, what are the signs that shrimp are infected with Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), and how is it treated? Come on, find out more in this article.

Also Read: 7 Types of Shrimp Diseases that Often Occur During Cultivation

What is TSV?

Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) is a disease of vannamei shrimp caused by an infectious virus that affects shrimp farming in various parts of the world. The disease caused by this virus first appeared in Ecuador in 1992. However, it later spread to Asian regions by importing infected fry and broodstock.

TSV is classified as a small icosahedral virus that belongs to the virus family called Dicistroviridae. This virus has a single-stranded RNA genome of about ten kilobases.

The Taura Syndrome virus infects the hepatopancreas, the digestive gland of the shrimp, and causes severe necrosis, which results in the death of organ function. This virus can also cause gill discoloration, lethargy, and mass death.

Transmission of Taura Syndrome Virus

Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) is transmitted through water, infected shrimp and contaminated equipment. This virus can also be transmitted vertically from infected broodstock to the resulting fry.

In addition, shrimp that have been infected with TSV can still be carriers of the virus for the rest of their lives. Migratory birds, aquatic insects, and humans can also be a route for transmission of this virus.

The Taura Syndrome Virus can also infect through the excrement of seagulls that previously ate shrimp infected with this virus.

Symptoms of TSV in Vannamei Shrimp

Vannamei shrimp that are attacked by TSV usually show more than one symptom. Here are some common symptoms:

Shrimp become lethargic
Decreased appetite
The prawns gathered at the edge of the pond when they were almost dead
High and sudden death rates in post larvae and juvenile shrimp.
The shrimp’s stomach is empty, and the shrimp’s body is pale red
Fan tail and shrimp pleopods are red
Shrimp shells softened
There are dark spots that are randomly distributed on the cuticle of the shrimp.

Also Read: Recognize 7 Characteristics of AHPND Disease in Vannamei Shrimp Before It’s Too Late

How to Detect TSV Disease

Detection of Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) disease can be done by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method, gross pathology, in situ hybridize, and bioassay. However, detection by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is the most accurate method that can be done.

Examination by the PCR method consisted of three stages, namely extraction of DNA/RNA samples for preparation of prints, DNA/RNA amplification with the help of a PCR machine (thermocycler) and analysis of the amplification results by electrophoresis, DNA/RNA staining and documentation with a Polaroid camera.

Control and Treatment

Until now, no vaccine is available to prevent transmitting this TSV disease. The precautions that farmers can take at this time is to control its spread.

One of the most effective preventive measures is to ensure the use of broodstock and frying free of the Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV). In addition, regular testing of shrimp populations and strict biosecurity measures can also help reduce the risk of infection.

Also Read: Get to Know the Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) which Can Attack Vannamei Shrimp

Overcome TSV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp with DELOS!

Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) disease significantly threatens the vannamei shrimp farming industry worldwide. Understanding the symptoms and how to detect this disease is very important for farmers to prevent high losses.

For those worried that your vannamei shrimp farming will be attacked by TSV, you can take early prevention by making proper pond preparation and management with DELOS.

DELOS has Farm Management that can assist you in managing shrimp ponds according to international standards.

Together with a reliable and experienced scientific and operational team for many years, DELOS is ready to assist you in managing your shrimp ponds, including mitigating if the disease is detected in your shrimp ponds.

To become part of DELOS, contact contact@delosaqua.com or ask questions via the contact box on our website at www.delosaqua.com. Trust your shrimp pond management to DELOS!

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Source:

Surfianti, dkk. 2010. Deteksi Penyakit TSV (Taura Syndrome Virus) secara PCR pada Udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) dengan Berbagai Ekstrasi, Suhu dan Waktu Penyimpanan. Hamera Zoa – Majalah Ilmu Kehewanan Indonesia Volume II Nomor 1, Desember 2010.

Susanti, E. 2016. Identeksi Virus TSV (Taura Syndrome Virus) pada Udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus Vannamei) di Kabupaten Mempawah Hilir dengan Metode PCR (Polymerase Chain Reuction). Skripsi. Pontianak: Universitas Muhammadiyah Pontianak.

Koesharyani, dkk. 2015. Sebaran Infeksi Taura Syndrome, Infectious Myonecrosis, dan Panaeus vannamei Nervous Virus (TSV, IMNV, dan PvNV) pada Budidaya Udang Litopenaeus vannamei di Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, dan Bali.

Department of Agriculture, Water, and the Environment of Australia. 2020. Infection with Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV).