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Tag: Shrimp Disease

08Jun
Disease

Recognize 7 Characteristics of AHPND Disease in Vannamei Shrimp Before It’s Too Late

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease, also known as AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp, is a problem that farmers often face. This disease can cause mass death resulting in heavy losses and harvest failure.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) originates from a bacterial infection with a strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp AHPND). This disease is also known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), which can cause farm productivity to decrease by up to 60% and result in considerable losses.

To be on time in carrying out mitigation if attacked by AHPND, farmers must know its characteristics. Here we summarize some of the characteristics of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) that you can use as a reference.

Also Read: Vannamei Shrimp Probiotics and Its Benefits for Cultivation

What is AHPND?

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease or AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp is a disease caused by bacterial infection with the Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp AHPND) strain.

AHPND disease first appeared in China in 2009 and then spread to Vietnam in 2010, Malaysia in 2011, Thailand in 2012, Mexico in 2013, the Philippines in 2015, and South America in 2016.

As a result of the outbreak of AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp in these countries, shrimp production has decreased by up to 60%, resulting in considerable losses.

Not only attacking vannamei shrimp, but AHPND disease also attacks other shrimp species, such as P. monodon (tiger prawn), M. rosenbergii (giant prawn), and other types of crustaceans.

Usually, shrimp in the early life phase is more susceptible to AHPND infection. Furthermore, AHPND attacks the digestive glands (hepatopancreas) and destroys hepatopancreatic cells R (resorptive), B (blister), F (fibrillar), and E (embryonic) which results in organ dysfunction leading to massive death.

Also Read: Get to Know Myo IMNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and Its Characteristics

Characteristics of AHPND Disease in Shrimp

Vannamei shrimp infected with AHPND usually look lethargic and exhibit abnormal swimming behavior. Apart from this, here are other characteristics when shrimp have been infected with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease.

1. Infecting the Early Life of Shrimp

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease in vannamei shrimp infects in the early phase of cultivation, from the 1st to the 35th day of cultivation. Usually, this will be followed by the mass death of up to 100% of the stocked shrimp.

2. Shrimps Have No Appetite

AHPND disease causes shrimp to have no appetite and thus show symptoms of anorexia. Furthermore, this symptom is followed by emptying the digestive tract and loss of tissue pigmentation.

3. Shrimp growth slows down

Shrimp with no appetite due to AHPND infection indirectly triggers slower shrimp growth. This is because the growth of shrimp is directly influenced by the food consumed.

4. The digestive tract becomes empty

Shrimp that has been infected with AHPND disease show an empty digestive condition. Because this disease attacks the digestion of shrimp directly.

5. Hepatopancreas Turns Pale

When infected with AHPND disease, the vannamei shrimp hepatopancreas tissue will experience fragility at the beginning of the infection. Then as the disease progresses, this tissue will become pale and rigid.

6. Appearance of Black Spots on the Hepatopancreas

After becoming pale and rigid, the next phase will appear with black spots or fine lines on the hepatopancreas. These black spots indicate foci of melanization in the tubular cells of the hepatopancreas.

7. High Mortality Rate

The death rate from AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp reaches 100% in most countries. However, in several other countries, it shows the opposite, namely a low death rate.

The difference in tolerance for death rates is because regions with low mortality rates have had a history of similar diseases. This makes the vannamei shrimp’s immune system better compared to other areas.

How to Overcome AHPND Disease in Shrimp

Only now the treatment for AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp is known with certainty. However, farmers can take preventive measures in farm management, for example, by aeration, providing appropriate feed, and maintaining pond water quality.

Diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria in vannamei shrimp are generally controlled using appropriate management strategies, including immunostimulant supplementation, prebiotics, probiotics, maintaining water and feed quality, and maintaining pond aeration.

However, this control cannot stop the spread of the disease when the vannamei shrimp have been attacked by Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease. Conventional approaches such as stopping feeding or giving disinfectants can be another solution, although the success rate is also relatively low.

Also Read: Get to Know the Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) which Can Attack Vannamei Shrimp

Prevent AHPND Disease in Vannamei Shrimp with DELOS!

Until now, there is no known way to deal with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease or AHPND disease in vannamei shrimp. However, farmers can take early prevention by carrying out proper farm management.

Therefore DELOS has Farm Management that can assist you in managing shrimp farms following international standards.

With a scientific and operational team that has been reliable and experienced for years, DELOS is ready to assist you in managing shrimp farms, including mitigating if the disease is detected in your shrimp farms.

To become part of DELOS, contact@delosaqua.com or ask questions via the contact box on our website www.delosaqua.com. Trust your shrimp farm management to DELOS!

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05Jun
Disease

Get to Know Myo IMNV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp and Its Characteristics

Myo disease in white shrimp is also known as IMNV disease. This disease is caused by the Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV), which damages muscle tissue in shrimp. As a result, from the body tissue until the tail of the shrimp dies and the color becomes red.

Myo disease was first discovered in Brazil in 2002. This disease is classified as malignant and deadly in vaname shrimp, with a mass mortality rate reaching 70% of the total shrimp stocked in ponds.

While in Indonesia, this disease was first discovered in 2006, precisely in one of the ponds in Situbondo Regency. Since then, research has been carried out on this shrimp disease.

So what exactly does Myo IMNV disease look like in vannamei shrimp, and what are its characteristics? Check out the following explanation.

Also Read: 7 Easy Ways to Cultivate Vannamei Shrimp For Beginners

What Is Myo Disease in Vannamei Shrimp?

Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV), or myo disease, attacks white shrimp and can cause substantial economic losses due to mass deaths.

IMNV virus can infect all stages of shrimp life, including post-larvae, juveniles, to adult shrimp. However, more deaths were found at the stage of young to adult shrimp.

Meanwhile, the transmission of this virus can occur in two ways, namely horizontally and vertically. Cannibalistic behavior in infected shrimp can be a way of horizontally transmitting this disease. While vertically, this virus can be transmitted from the parent to the fry it produces.

Also Read: 5 Things You Need to Do When Starting a Shrimp Farms Business

Characteristics of Vannamei Shrimp Affected by IMNV

1. Shrimp Body Turns Pale

penyakit myo pada udang vaname
Source: Vijayapoopathi, et. al., 2020. via researchgate.net

The body of vaname shrimp attacked by myo disease will gradually turn pale. While in healthy and normal shrimp, the body color tends to be transparent.

2. Muscle Color Turns White

The muscles in vaname shrimp will turn white like milk. This color change can also be seen in the body segments of shrimp infected with IMNV disease.

3. The Lower Section of the Abdomen until the Shrimp’s Tail Turns Red

myo disease in vannamei shrimp
Source: onlinelibrary.wiley.com

The most easily recognizable characteristics of vaname shrimp infected with IMNV are the lower segment until the shrimp tail turns red, similar to cooked shrimp. This is because all the existing networks in it have died.

Also Read: Types of Vannamei Shrimp Feeds to Make Your Shrimp Grow Faster

Find Out About Myo IMNV Disease and How to Treat It With DELOS!

Myo disease or IMNV in vaname shrimp, is a disease that is very detrimental to farmers. The reason is this disease can cause mass death in infected shrimp.

When symptoms or signs of shrimp develop myo disease, you should immediately contact or consult experts in handling this white shrimp disease.

However, if you still need to figure out where to go for a consultation, DELOS is here and ready to help you deal with it. With the dedicated science team that DELOS has, we are ready to assist you in mitigating if a disease is detected in your shrimp farm.

Not only myo disease in vaname shrimp but DELOS Science Team is also experienced in handling various other diseases. Such as white stool and IHHNV. So, don’t hesitate and contact DELOS at contact@delosaqua.com or via contact column on our website www.delosaqua.com to get a solution to your shrimp disease problem!

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09Mar
Disease

Getting to Know the Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) in Vannamei Shrimp

Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) is a highly contagious disease affecting shrimp aquaculture worldwide. This disease can cause death up to 40-90% in post-larvae and juvenile stages.

The Taura Syndrome virus was first identified in 1992 during an outbreak that caused economic losses in Ecuador. Since then, TSV disease has become a significant concern in the aquaculture industry.

So, what are the signs that shrimp are infected with Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), and how is it treated? Come on, find out more in this article.

Also Read: 7 Types of Shrimp Diseases that Often Occur During Cultivation

What is TSV?

Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) is a disease of vannamei shrimp caused by an infectious virus that affects shrimp farming in various parts of the world. The disease caused by this virus first appeared in Ecuador in 1992. However, it later spread to Asian regions by importing infected fry and broodstock.

TSV is classified as a small icosahedral virus that belongs to the virus family called Dicistroviridae. This virus has a single-stranded RNA genome of about ten kilobases.

The Taura Syndrome virus infects the hepatopancreas, the digestive gland of the shrimp, and causes severe necrosis, which results in the death of organ function. This virus can also cause gill discoloration, lethargy, and mass death.

Transmission of Taura Syndrome Virus

Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) is transmitted through water, infected shrimp and contaminated equipment. This virus can also be transmitted vertically from infected broodstock to the resulting fry.

In addition, shrimp that have been infected with TSV can still be carriers of the virus for the rest of their lives. Migratory birds, aquatic insects, and humans can also be a route for transmission of this virus.

The Taura Syndrome Virus can also infect through the excrement of seagulls that previously ate shrimp infected with this virus.

Symptoms of TSV in Vannamei Shrimp

Vannamei shrimp that are attacked by TSV usually show more than one symptom. Here are some common symptoms:

  1. Shrimp become lethargic
  2. Decreased appetite
  3. The prawns gathered at the edge of the pond when they were almost dead
  4. High and sudden death rates in post larvae and juvenile shrimp.
  5. The shrimp’s stomach is empty, and the shrimp’s body is pale red
  6. Fan tail and shrimp pleopods are red
  7. Shrimp shells softened
  8. There are dark spots that are randomly distributed on the cuticle of the shrimp.

Also Read: Recognize 7 Characteristics of AHPND Disease in Vannamei Shrimp Before It’s Too Late

How to Detect TSV Disease

Detection of Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) disease can be done by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) method, gross pathology, in situ hybridize, and bioassay. However, detection by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is the most accurate method that can be done.

Examination by the PCR method consisted of three stages, namely extraction of DNA/RNA samples for preparation of prints, DNA/RNA amplification with the help of a PCR machine (thermocycler) and analysis of the amplification results by electrophoresis, DNA/RNA staining and documentation with a Polaroid camera.

Control and Treatment

Until now, no vaccine is available to prevent transmitting this TSV disease. The precautions that farmers can take at this time is to control its spread.

One of the most effective preventive measures is to ensure the use of broodstock and frying free of the Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV). In addition, regular testing of shrimp populations and strict biosecurity measures can also help reduce the risk of infection.

Also Read: Get to Know the Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) which Can Attack Vannamei Shrimp

Overcome TSV Disease in Vannamei Shrimp with DELOS!

Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) disease significantly threatens the vannamei shrimp farming industry worldwide. Understanding the symptoms and how to detect this disease is very important for farmers to prevent high losses.

For those worried that your vannamei shrimp farming will be attacked by TSV, you can take early prevention by making proper pond preparation and management with DELOS.

DELOS has Farm Management that can assist you in managing shrimp ponds according to international standards.

Together with a reliable and experienced scientific and operational team for many years, DELOS is ready to assist you in managing your shrimp ponds, including mitigating if the disease is detected in your shrimp ponds.

To become part of DELOS, contact contact@delosaqua.com or ask questions via the contact box on our website at www.delosaqua.com. Trust your shrimp pond management to DELOS!

 

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Source:

Surfianti, dkk. 2010. Deteksi Penyakit TSV (Taura Syndrome Virus) secara PCR pada Udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) dengan Berbagai Ekstrasi, Suhu dan Waktu Penyimpanan. Hamera Zoa – Majalah Ilmu Kehewanan Indonesia Volume II Nomor 1, Desember 2010.

Susanti, E. 2016. Identeksi Virus TSV (Taura Syndrome Virus) pada Udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus Vannamei) di Kabupaten Mempawah Hilir dengan Metode PCR (Polymerase Chain Reuction). Skripsi. Pontianak: Universitas Muhammadiyah Pontianak.

Koesharyani, dkk. 2015. Sebaran Infeksi Taura Syndrome, Infectious Myonecrosis, dan Panaeus vannamei Nervous Virus (TSV, IMNV, dan PvNV) pada Budidaya Udang Litopenaeus vannamei di Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, dan Bali.

Department of Agriculture, Water, and the Environment of Australia. 2020. Infection with Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV).

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29Nov
Disease

Get to Know the Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) which Can Attack Vannamei Shrimp

Covert Mortality Nodavirus

Covert Mortality Nodavirus or CMNV, is a pathogen in vannamei shrimp that causes VCMD or Viral Covert Mortality Disease. This disease causes shrimp to die at the bottom of the pond, which makes it difficult for farmers to detect them from the start.

The CMNV virus in shrimp was first discovered in China in 2009 with a mortality rate of up to 80%, causing huge economic losses for the farmers there.

However, it is also possible that this vannamei shrimp disease will spread to Indonesia if it is not prevented and handled properly. Therefore, in this article, let’s learn more about the Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV)!

Also Read: Get to Know Vannamei Shrimp Probiotics and Its Benefit

Life Stadia of Shrimp that are Vulnerable to CMNV

In white shrimp, mortality due to Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) was found in the first month after stocking up to 60-80 days after stocking. However, shrimp from various stages are also potentially infected with this virus.

Therefore, farmers need to detect early on the presence of the virus that causes Viral Covert Mortality Disease.

Vertical transmission of this disease can also occur. In previous studies, it was known that wild shrimp E. Carinicauda was strongly suspected of being an intermediary for CMNV to spread to ponds.

Meanwhile, a study by Liu (2018) showed that Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) could be detected in oogonia, oocytes, spermatocytes, fertilized eggs, and nauplii.

Symptoms of CMNV Affected Shrimp

Shrimp waning due to Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) usually stays at the bottom of ponds rather than swimming on the surface. Over time, these shrimp will die. Therefore, CMNV disease is also referred to as “bottom death”.

While clinically, several symptoms are shown, including necrosis and atrophy of the hepatopancreas, empty stomach and intestines, softening of the outer shell of the shrimp, slowing growth, white muscles, and experiencing necrosis.

Also Read: This is the Process of Molting in Shrimp and How to Handle It

CMNV Diagnostic Methods

Covert Mortality Modavirus
Source: Zhang, et. al. (2018)

Diagnosing shrimp infected with Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) can be done using various methods, including Reverse Transcription Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP), Nested Reverse Transcription PCR, gene sequencing, histopathology, RNA in-situ hybridization (ISH). Meanwhile, virus particles can be observed with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).

How to Prevent CMNV in Vannamei Shrimp

As previously explained, the carrier part of the Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) comes from wild shrimp and other aquatic animals. Therefore, you must always be vigilant and monitor the possibility of this transmission.

In addition, considering that Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) can be detected early, make sure you cultivate shrimp fry that is healthy and free from various types of diseases.

Also Read: 7 Characteristics of High-Quality Vannamei Shrimp Seed

Find Out About CMNV and How to Handle It with DELOS!

Covert Mortality Nodavirus (CMNV) has a death rate of nearly 80% of the total shrimp population in ponds. Moreover, this disease is also not easily detected by the farmers considering that the infected shrimp will tend to stay at the bottom of the pond.

So it is very important to carry out routine checks and early detection of the CMNV virus that causes VCMD or Viral Covert Mortality Disease.

If you still need to figure out where to consult, DELOS is here and ready to help you. Together with a scientific team that has experienced for years and turns them off, DELOS is prepared to help you in handling if a disease is detected in your shrimp pond.

Immediately contact DELOS via contact@delosaqua.com or via the contact column on our website www.delosaqua.com to get a solution to your shrimp disease problem!

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